Yepamusoro-inoshanda UV-inorapika machira akashandiswa mukugadzira pasi, fenicha, uye makabati kwemakore mazhinji. Kwenguva yakawanda yenguva ino, 100% -yakasimba uye yakanyungudika-yakavakirwa UV-inorapika majasi anga ari akanyanya tekinoroji pamusika. Mumakore achangopfuura, mvura-based UV-curable coating tekinoroji yakakura. Mvura-yakavakirwa UV-inorapika resin yakaratidza kuve chishandiso chinobatsira kune vagadziri nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira kupfuura KCMA tsvina, makemikari kuramba kuyedza, uye kuderedza VOC. Kuti tekinoroji iyi irambe ichikura mumusika uyu, vatyairi vakati wandei vakaonekwa senzvimbo dzakakosha dzinofanirwa kuvandudzwa. Izvi zvinotora mvura-yakavakirwa neUV-inorapika resin kupfuura kungova ne "inofanira kuve" iyo yakawanda resin ina. Ivo vanozotanga kuwedzera zvivakwa zvakakosha pakuputira, vachiunza kukosha kune imwe neimwe chinzvimbo pamwe neiyo kukosha ketani kubva pakukochekera formulator kuenda kufekitori applicator kune installer uye, pakupedzisira, kumuridzi.
Vagadziri, kunyanya nhasi, vanoshuva jasi rinoita zvinopfuura kungopfuura zvakatemwa. Kune zvakare zvimwe zvivakwa zvinopa mabhenefiti mukugadzira, kurongedza, uye kuisa. Chimwe chinodiwa hunhu kuvandudzwa kwezvinomera. Nokuti mvura-based coating izvi zvinoreva kukurumidza kusunungurwa kwemvura uye kukurumidza kuvhara kudzivisa. Chimwe chinodiwa hunhu kuvandudza resin kugadzikana kwekutora / kushandiswazve kwejasi, uye manejimendi ezvavakaita. Kune yekupedzisira mushandisi uye muisi, anodiwa hunhu ari nani kupisa kuramba uye hapana simbi yekumaka panguva yekuisa.
Ichi chinyorwa chichakurukura zvitsva mumvura-based UV-curable polyurethanes inopa zvakanyanya-yakagadziridzwa 50 °C kugadzikana kwependi mukujeka, pamwe chete nemavara ane pigmented. Inokurukurawo kuti maresheni aya anogadzirisa sei hunhu hunodiwa hwechibatiso chekuputira mukuwedzera kumhanya kwemutsara kuburikidza nekukurumidza kuburitswa kwemvura, yakagadziridzwa block resistance, uye solvent kuramba kubva pamutsetse, izvo zvinovandudza kukurumidza kwekurongedza uye kurongedza mashandiro. Izvi zvichavandudzawo off-the-line kukuvara kunowanzoitika. Ichi chinyorwa chinokurukurawo kuvandudzwa kunoratidzwa mukuvara uye makemikari kuramba kwakakosha kune vanoisa uye varidzi.
Background
Mamiriro eindastiri yekupfeka ari kuramba achichinja. Izvo "zvinofanira kuve nazvo" zvekungopfuura zvakatemwa nemutengo unonzwisisika pamiriyoni yakaiswa hazvina kukwana. Mamiriro ezvipfeko zvefekitari-akaiswa kune cabinetry, joinery, flooring, uye fenicha iri kukurumidza kuchinja. MaFormulators anopa machira kumafekitari ari kukumbirwa kuti achengetedzeke kuti vashandi vashandise, kubvisa zvinhu zvinonetsa, kutsiva maVOC nemvura, uye kutoshandisa kabhoni shoma shoma uye yakawanda bio carbon. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti pese pese kukosha kweketani, mutengi wega wega ari kukumbira coating kuti iite zvakawanda pane kungosangana nekutsanangurwa.
Tichiona mukana wekugadzira kukosha kwakawanda kufekitari, timu yedu yakatanga kuferefeta pamwero wefekitari matambudziko aitarisana nevashandisi ava. Mushure mekubvunzurudzwa kwakawanda takatanga kunzwa mamwe madingindira akajairika:
- Kubvumira zvipingamupinyi zviri kudzivirira zvinangwa zvangu zvekuwedzera;
- Mitengo iri kuwedzera uye mari yedu yemari iri kuderera;
- Mari yezvose zviri zviviri simba nevashandi iri kuwedzera;
- Kurasikirwa nevashandi vane ruzivo;
- Zvinangwa zvedu zvemakambani eSG&A, pamwe neizvo zvemutengi wangu, zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa; uye
- Makwikwi ekunze.
Aya madingindira akatungamira kune kukosha-chirevo zvirevo zvakatanga kuenderana nevashandisi vemvura-yakavakirwa UV-inorapika polyurethanes, kunyanya munzvimbo yejoinery uye cabinetry musika nzvimbo senge: "vagadziri vejoinery uye cabinetry vari kutsvaga kuvandudzwa mukushanda kwefekitori" uye "vagadziri. vanoda kugona kuwedzera kugadzirwa pamitsetse mipfupi yekugadzira ine kukuvara kushoma kwekugadzirisa nekuda kwemajasi anononoka kuburitsa mvura. ”
Tafura 1 inotaridza kuti, kune mugadziri wejasi zvigadzirwa, kuvandudzwa mune humwe hunhu hwekupfeka uye zvimiro zvemuviri zvinotungamira kune hunyanzvi hunogona kuitwa nemushandisi wekupedzisira.
TAFURA 1 | Hunhu uye zvakanakira.
Nekugadzira maUV-anorapika maPUD ane humwe hunhu sezvakanyorwa muTable 1, vagadziri vekupedzisira-kushandisa vanozokwanisa kugadzirisa zvavanoda mukuvandudza mashandiro echirimwa. Izvi zvinovatendera kuti vawedzere kukwikwidza, uye zvinogona kuvabvumira kuti vawedzere kugadzirwa kwazvino.
Kuedza Migumisiro uye Hurukuro
UV-inorapika Polyurethane Dispersions Nhoroondo
Mumakore ekuma1990, kushandiswa kwekutengeserana kweanionic polyurethane dispersions ine acrylate mapoka akabatanidzwa nepolymer yakatanga kushandiswa mumashandisirwo emabhizimisi. Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza generic chimiro cheUV-inorapika PUD, ichiratidza magadzirirwo aya akagadzirwa zvinhu.
MUFANANIDZO 1 | Generic acrylate inoshanda polyurethane dispersion.3
Sezvinoratidzwa paMufananidzo 1, UV-inorapika polyurethane dispersions (UV-inorapika PUDs), inoumbwa neyakajairwa zvikamu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira polyurethane dispersions. Aliphatic diisocyanates inobatwa neanowanzo esters, diols, hydrophilization mapoka, uye chain extenders inoshandiswa kugadzira polyurethane dispersions.2 Musiyano ndeyekuwedzerwa kwe acrylate functional ester, epoxy, kana ethers akabatanidzwa mu pre-polymer danho paunenge uchiita kupararira. . Sarudzo yezvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa sezvivharo zvekuvaka, pamwe nekuvakwa kwepolymer uye kugadzirisa, inoraira kuita kwePUD uye kuomesa maitiro. Izvi zvinosarudzwa muzvigadzirwa nekugadzirisa zvichatungamirira kuUV-inorapika PUDs inogona kunge isiri-mafirimu ekugadzira, pamwe chete neaya ari kugadzira mafirimu.3 Mafirimu ekugadzira, kana kuomeswa kwemhando, ndiyo nyaya yenyaya ino.
Kugadzira firimu, kana kuomesa sezvarinowanzo kushevedzwa, kunoburitsa mafirimu akabatana akaoma kusvika pakubatwa UV isati yapora. Nekuti vanyoreri vanoshuvira kudzikamisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo kweiyo coating nekuda kwezvikamu, pamwe nekudiwa kwekumhanya mukugadzira kwavo kugadzirwa, izvi zvinowanzoomeswa mumavheni sechikamu chekuenderera mberi kwekuporeswa kweUV. Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza yakajairika kuomesa uye kurapa maitiro eUV-inorapika PUD.
MUFANANIDZO 2 | Maitiro ekurapa UV-inorapika PUD.
Nzira yekushandiswa inoshandiswa ndeyekupfapfaidza. Nekudaro, banga pamusoro pe roll uye kunyange jasi remafashamo zvakashandiswa. Kana yangoiswa, iyo yekupfekedza inowanzopfuura nenhanho ina-nhanho isati yabatwa zvakare.
1.Flash: Izvi zvinogona kuitwa mukamuri kana tembiricha yakakwira kwemasekonzi akati wandei kusvika maminetsi akati wandei.
2.Oven yakaoma: Apa ndipo panodzingirwa mvura neco-solvents kunze kwekupfeka. Iyi nhanho yakakosha uye kazhinji inopedza nguva yakawanda mukuita. Danho iri rinowanzosvika pa>140 °F uye rinotora kusvika kumaminetsi masere. Multi-zoned drying oveni inogona kushandiswa zvakare.
- Mwenje weIR uye kufamba kwemhepo: Kuiswa kwemarambi eIR uye mafeni ekufambisa kwemhepo kunomhanyisa kupenya kwemvura nekukurumidza.
3. UV kurapwa.
4.Cool: Kana yangoporeswa, iyo yekupfeka ichada kurapa kweimwe nguva yenguva kuti iwane kuvharira kuramba. Iyi nhanho inogona kutora nguva yakareba semaminetsi gumi isati yavharira kuramba yawanikwa
Kuedza
Ichi chidzidzo chakafananidza maviri maUV-anorapika maPUD (WB UV), anoshandiswa mucabinet uye musika wekubatanidza, kune yedu nyowani budiriro, PUD # 65215A. Muchidzidzo ichi tinoenzanisa Standard #1 uye Standard #2 nePUD #65215A mukuomesa, kuvhara, uye makemikari kuramba. Isu tinoongorora zvakare kugadzikana kwepH uye kugadzikana kweviscosity, izvo zvinogona kunetsa kana uchifunga nezvekushandisa zvakare overspray uye hupenyu hwesherufu. Zvinoratidzwa pazasi muTebhurari 2 zvinhu zvinobatika zveimwe neimwe yeresin inoshandiswa muchidzidzo chino. Ese matatu masisitimu akagadzirwa kune yakafanana photoinitiator level, VOCs, uye solids level. Ese matatu resins akagadzirwa ne3% co-solvent.
TADZA 2 | PUD resin zvivakwa.
Takaudzwa mubvunzurudzo dzedu kuti mabhanhire mazhinji eWB-UV mumisika yekubatanidza uye makabati anooma pamutsetse wekugadzira, unotora pakati pe5-8 maminetsi isati yarapwa UV. Kusiyana neizvi, mutsetse we solvent-based UV (SB-UV) unooma mumaminitsi matatu-5. Mukuwedzera, pamusika uyu, machira anowanzo shandiswa 4-5 mils wet. Dambudziko guru remvura yakasvibiswa yeUV-inorapika mabhanhire kana ichienzanisa neUV-curable solvent-based alternatives ndiyo nguva inotora kupenya mvura pamutsara wekugadzira.4 Kukanganisa kwemafirimu akadai sekuona machena kuchaitika kana mvura isina kunyatsovhenekera kubva kuvhara pamberi peUV kurapwa. Izvi zvinogonawo kuitika kana kunyorova kwefirimu ukobvu kwakanyanya. Aya mavara machena anogadzirwa kana mvura ikavharirwa mukati mefirimu panguva yekurapa kweUV.5
Pachidzidzo ichi takasarudza chirongwa chekurapa chakafanana neicho chaizoshandiswa pane UV-inorapika solvent-based line. Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza mashandisiro edu, kuomesa, kurapa, uye kurongedza purogiramu inoshandiswa pakudzidza kwedu. Iyi hurongwa hwekuomesa inomiririra pakati pe50% kusvika 60% kunatsiridza mukumhanya kwemutsara wakazara pamusoro peiyo yazvino musika mwero mujoinery uye cabinetry application.
MUFANANIDZO 3 | Kushandisa, kuomesa, kurapa, uye kurongedza purogiramu.
Pazasi pane mashandisirwo uye kurapa mamiriro atakashandisa pakudzidza kwedu:
●Pfapfaidza mushonga pamusoro pemaple veneer nebhachi dema.
● 30-yechipiri yekamuri yekushisa flash.
●140 °F oven yekuomesa kwemaminetsi 2.5 (convection oven).
● UV kurapa - kusimba pamusoro pe800 mJ / cm2.
- Mabhandi akajeka akaporeswa uchishandisa mwenje weHg.
- Pigmented coatings yakarapwa uchishandisa musanganiswa Hg/Ga rambi.
● 1-miniti inotonhorera pasi isati yaiswa.
Pachidzidzo chedu takapfapfaidzawo makobvu matatu emufirimu akanyorova kuti tione kana zvimwe zvakanaka zvakaita semajasi mashoma zvingazoonekwawo. 4 mils wet ndiyo yakajairika yeWB UV. Pachidzidzo ichi takabatanidzawo 6 uye 8 mils wet coating applications.
Kurapa Zvigumisiro
Standard # 1, yakakwirira-yakajeka yakavhara, zvigumisiro zvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. WB UV yakasvibiswa yakasvibiswa yakashandiswa kune medium-dense fiberboard (MDF) yakamboputirwa neblack basecoat uye yakaporeswa maererano nechirongwa chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3. Pa 4 mils wet coating inopfuura. Nekudaro, pa6 uye 8 mils wet application iyo yekupfeka yakatsemuka, uye 8 mils yakabviswa nyore nyore nekuda kwekushayikwa kwemvura kusunungurwa isati yaporeswa UV.
MUFANANIDZO 4 | Chiyero #1.
Mhedzisiro yakafanana inoonekwawo muStandard #2, inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5.
MUFANANIDZO 5 | Chiyero #2.
Kuratidzwa muMufananidzo 6, uchishandisa hurongwa hwekurapa hwakafanana sepaMufananidzo 3, PUD #65215A yakaratidza kuvandudzwa kukuru mukusunungurwa kwemvura / kuoma. Pa 8 mils wet firimu ukobvu, kutsemuka kudiki kwakaonekwa pamucheto wezasi wemuenzaniso.
MUFANANIDZO 6 | PUD #65215A.
Kuwedzera kuyedzwa kwePUD# 65215A mune yakaderera-inopenya yakajeka coating uye pigmented coating pamusoro peMDF imwe chete neblack basecoat yakaongororwa kuti iongorore hunhu hwekuburitsa mvura mune mamwe akajairwa maumbirwo ekupfeka. Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 7, kuumbwa kwepasi-gloss pa 5 uye 7 mils wet application yakabudisa mvura uye yakagadzira firimu rakanaka. Nekudaro, pa 10 mils yakanyorova, yaive yakanyanyisa kuburitsa mvura pasi pekuomeswa uye kurapa chirongwa muMufananidzo 3.
MUFANANIDZO 7 | Yakaderera-inopenya PUD #65215A.
Mune chena pigmented formula, PUD #65215A yakaita zvakanaka mukuomesa uye kurapa kumwechete kunotsanangurwa muFigure 3, kunze kwekunge yaiswa pa8 wet mils. Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 8, firimu rinoputika pa8 mils nekuda kwekusunungurwa kwemvura kusina kunaka. Pakazere mukujeka, kwakaderera-kupenya, uye pigmented maumbirwo, PUD# 65215A yakaita zvakanaka mukuumbwa kwemafirimu uye kuomeswa payakaiswa kusvika ku7 mils yakanyorova uye yakaporeswa pakukurumidza kuomesa uye kurapa chirongwa chinotsanangurwa muMufananidzo 3.
MUFANANIDZO 8 | Pigmented PUD #65215A.
Kuvhara Migumisiro
Kuvhara kuramba ndiko kugona kwekuvhara kuti usanamatira kune chimwe chinyorwa chakavharwa kana chaiswa. Mukugadzira izvi zvinowanzoita bhodhoro kana zvichitora nguva kuti yakaporeswa coating kuti iwane block resistance. Pachidzidzo ichi, maumbirwo ane pigmented eStandard #1 nePUD #65215A akaiswa pagirazi pa5 wet mils uchishandisa dhirowa. Idzi imwe neimwe yakaporeswa maererano nechirongwa chekuporesa muMufananidzo 3. Magirazi maviri akavharidzirwa egirazi akaporeswa panguva imwe chete - 4 maminitsi mushure mekurapa mapaneti akasungirirwa pamwe chete, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 9. Vakaramba vakasungirirwa pamwe chete pamhepo yekushisa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. . Kana mapaneru akapatsanurwa nyore nyore pasina kudhindwa kana kukuvadzwa kune akaputirwa mapaneru saka bvunzo yaionekwa sepasi.
Mufananidzo 10 unoratidza kuvandudzwa kwekudzivirira kwePUD # 65215A. Kunyangwe ese ari maviri Standard #1 nePUD #65215A akawana kurapwa kuzere muyedzo yapfuura, chete PUD #65215A yakaratidza kusunungurwa kwemvura yakakwana uye kurapa kuti iwane kuvharira kuramba.
MUFANANIDZO 9 | Kuvharidzira kuramba bvunzo mufananidzo.
MUFANANIDZO 10 | Kuvhara kuramba kweStandard #1, inoteverwa nePUD #65215A.
Acrylic Blending Results
Vagadziri vezvipfeko vanowanzo sanganisa WB UV-inorapika resins nema acrylics kuderedza mutengo. Pachidzidzo chedu takatarisawo kusanganisa PUD#65215A neNeoCryl® XK-12, mvura-based acrylic, inowanzo shandiswa semusanganiswa wekusanganisa maUV-anorapika emvura-based PUDs mumusika wejoinery uye cabinetry. Pamusika uyu, KCMA stain test inoonekwa seyakajairwa. Zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwekupedzisira-kushandiswa, mamwe makemikari anozove akakosha kupfuura mamwe kune mugadziri wechinyorwa chakavharwa. Chiyero che5 ndicho chakanakisa uye chiyero che1 ndicho chakaipisisa.
Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 3, PUD #65215A inoita zvinonwisa mvura muKCMA stain test seyakajeka-inopenya, yakaderera-inopenya yakajeka, uye sejasi rine pigmented. Kunyangwe kana yakasanganiswa 1: 1 ne acrylic, iyo KCMA stain yekuyedza haina kukanganiswa zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe mukusvibisa nevamiriri vakaita semasitadhi, iyo jasi yakadzoreredzwa kusvika padanho rinogamuchirwa mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana.
TAFURA 3 | Kemikari uye kushora kuramba (chiyero che5 chakanakisa).
Pamusoro peKCMA kuyedza marara, vagadziri vanozoyedzawo kurapwa nekukurumidza mushure meUV kurapa kubva pamutsetse. Kazhinji mhedzisiro yekusanganiswa kwe acrylic inozoonekwa pakarepo kubva pamutsetse wekurapa mune iyi bvunzo. Tarisiro ndeyekusave nekuputika kwekuputika mushure me20 isopropyl doro kaviri rubs (20 IPA dr). Samples inoedzwa miniti imwe mushure mekurapa UV. Mukuyedzwa kwedu takaona kuti 1: 1 musanganiswa wePUD# 65215A ine acrylic haina kupasa bvunzo iyi. Nekudaro, takaona kuti PUD #65215A inogona kusanganiswa ne25% NeoCryl XK-12 acrylic uye ichiri kupasa makumi maviri IPA dr bvunzo (NeoCryl chiratidzo chakanyoreswa cheboka reCovestro).
MUFANANIDZO 11 | 20 IPA kaviri-rubs, 1 miniti mushure meUV kurapwa.
Resin Kugadzikana
Kugadzikana kwePUD #65215A kwakaedzwa zvakare. Kuumbwa kunoonekwa sesherufu yakagadzikana kana mushure memavhiki mana pa40 ° C, pH haina kudonha pasi pe7 uye viscosity inoramba yakagadzikana kana ichienzaniswa neyekutanga. Pakuyedzwa kwedu takasarudza kuisa masampula kumamiriro akaomarara anosvika mavhiki matanhatu pa50 ° C. Pamamiriro ezvinhu aya Standard #1 uye #2 yakanga isina kugadzikana.
Pakuedzwa kwedu takatarisa kupenya kwepamusoro-soro kwakajeka, kwakaderera-kupenya kwakajeka, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemavara epasi-kupenya kwakashandiswa muchidzidzo chino. Sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 12, kugadzikana kwepH kwezvose zvitatu zvakaumbwa kwakaramba kwakagadzikana uye pamusoro pe7.0 pH pachikumbaridzo. Mufananidzo 13 unoratidza shanduko shoma yeviscosity mushure memavhiki matanhatu pa50 °C.
MUFANANIDZO 12 | pH kugadzikana kwePUD yakagadzirwa #65215A.
MUFANANIDZO 13 | Viscosity kugadzikana kwePUD yakagadzirwa #65215A.
Imwe bvunzo inoratidza kugadzikana kuita kwePUD #65215A yaive yekuyedza zvakare kupikisa kweKCMA kwemavara ekugadzira iyo yakachembera kwemavhiki matanhatu pa50 °C, uye ichienzanisa neiyo yekutanga KCMA marara kuramba. Coatings iyo isingaratidzi kugadzikana kwakanaka ichaona madonhwe mukusvibisa kuita. Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 14, PUD# 65215A yakachengetedza mwero wekuita sezvawakaita mukutanga kemikari/stain resistance kuyedzwa kwejasi rine pigment rinoratidzwa muTable 3.
MUFANANIDZO 14 | Kemikari bvunzo mapaneru epigmented PUD #65215A.
Mhedziso
Kune vanonyorera eUV-anorapika emvura-based coatings, PUD #65215A ichavagonesa kusangana neazvino maitiro ekuita mujoinery, matanda uye misika yekabati, uye nekuwedzera, ichaita kuti iyo yekuputira ione kukurumidza kwemutsara kuvandudzwa kune anopfuura makumi mashanu. -60% pamusoro peyazvino yakajairwa UV-inorapika mvura-based coatings. Kune anonyorera izvi zvinogona kureva:
●Kugadzirwa nokukurumidza;
● Kuwedzera kwemafirimu ukobvu kunoderedza kudiwa kwemamwe majasi;
● Mitsetse mipfupi yekuomesa;
● Kuchengetedza magetsi nekuda kwekuderera kwekuomeswa kwezvinodiwa;
● Zvimedu zvishoma nekuda kwekudzivisa kukurumidza kuvhara;
● Yakaderedzwa coating tsvina nekuda kwekugadzikana kwe resin.
NemaVOC ari pasi pe100 g/L, vagadziri vanokwanisa zvakare kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo zveVOC. Kune vagadziri vanogona kunge vaine kushushikana kwekuwedzera nekuda kwenyaya dzemvumo, iyo inokurumidza-mvura-kuburitsa PUD #65215A ichavagonesa kuzadzisa zvisungo zvavo zvekutonga pasina kuzvipira kwekuita.
Mukutanga kwechinyorwa ichi takatora kubva mubvunzurudzo dzedu kuti vanoisa zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa-based UV-zvinorapika zvinowanzooma uye kurapa machira mukuita kwakatora pakati pe3-5 maminetsi. Takaratidza muchidzidzo ichi kuti maererano nemaitiro anoratidzwa muFigure 3, PUD #65215A inorapa kusvika 7 mils wet kukora kwemafirimu mumaminetsi mana nekudziya kwehovhoni ye140 °C. Izvi zviri mukati mehwindo remazhinji solvent-based UV-anorapika machira. PUD #65215A inogona kugonesa vashandisi vemazuva ano vezvinonyungudutsa-based UV-zvinorapika zvinhu kuti vachinje kune mvura-based UV-inorapika zvinhu zvine shanduko shoma kumutsara wavo wekuputira.
Kune vagadziri vanofunga kuwedzera kugadzirwa, machira anobva paPUD #65215A anovagonesa ku:
● Chengetedza mari kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwechidimbu chemvura-based coating line;
● Iva nediki yekupfekedza mutsara wetsoka munzvimbo;
● Iva nekuderedzwa kwemvumo yeVOC ikozvino;
● Ziva kuchengetedza kwesimba nekuda kwekuderera kwekuoma zvinodiwa.
Mukupedzisa, PUD #65215A ichabatsira kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwemitsara yeUV-inorapika yejira kuburikidza nekuita kwepamusoro-yemuviri-maitiro uye nekukurumidza kuburitsa mvura maitiro eresin kana yakaomeswa pa140 ° C.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-14-2024
