Functional Group

Mumakemikari, kunyanya muorganic chemistry, boka rinoshanda iboka rakati ramaatomu mukati memorekuru iro rinokonzeresa maitiro emakemikari emorekuru. Funga nezvayo se "inoshanda saiti" kana "maitiro-anotsanangura chikamu" che organic molecule. Hazvina mhosva kuti yakakura sei kana chimiro cheimwe molecule, boka rinoshanda rinozvibata nenzira inofanotaurwa mukuita kwemakemikari.

Sei Mapoka Anoshanda Achikosha?

Mapoka anoshanda anosarudza zvimiro uye reactivity ye organic compounds. Makemikari anoashandisa kurongedza organic mamorekuru uye kufanotaura kuti achaita sei. Semuenzaniso, madoro, acids, esters, uye ketoni zvese zvine mapoka akasiyana anoshanda, uye imwe neimwe inobata zvakasiyana mukuita kwemakemikari.

Nekuona mapoka anoshanda mumorekuru, unogona:

● Fungidzira kuti zvichafamba sei mukusangana kwemakemikari.
● Nzwisisa kunyungudika kwayo (kana ichinyungudika mumvura kana kuti kwete).
● Ona kuti ine asidhi here kana kuti inokosha.
● Fungidzira kufashaira kwayo kana kuti kunyungudika.

Mienzaniso yeCommon Functional Groups

Ngatiendei pamusoro pemamwe eanowanzo shanda mapoka mune organic chemistry:

1. Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

● Inowanikwa mudoro.
● Inogadzira mamorekuru uye anokwanisa kugadzira mabhondi ehydrogen.
● Muenzaniso: Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Carbonyl Group (C=O)

● Anowanikwa mumaketone nemaaldehydes.
● Kabhoni yakabatanidzwa kaviri kuatomu reokisijeni.
● Muenzaniso:
Ketone: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Aldehyde: Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

● Inowanikwa mu carboxylic acids.
● Inoita kuti morekuru risave.
● Muenzaniso: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), iyo asidi huru muvhiniga.

4. Amino Group (-NH₂)

● Inowanikwa mumaamine nemaamino acids.
● Inogona kuita sehwaro uye kugamuchira mapurotoni.
● Muenzaniso: Glycine, amino acid.

5. Ester Boka (-COO-)

● Inowanikwa mune esters.
● Kazhinji inopa michero kunhuhwirira kwayo kunotapira.
● Yakagadzirwa kubva muasidhi nedoro.
● Muenzaniso: Ethyl acetate (inoshandiswa mukubvisa mbambo).

6. Ether Group (ROR)

● Atomu yeokisijeni yakabatana nemapoka maviri ecarbon.
● Inowanikwa muzvinonyungudutsa.
● Muenzaniso: Diethyl ether.

7. Halide Group (CX)

● Apo X = halogen yakaita seF, Cl, Br, kana I.
● Inowanikwa mu alkyl halides.
● Inoshandiswa mufiriji uye mumurazvo wemoto.

8. Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)

● Inowanikwa mumatanda.
● Zvakafanana nehydroxyl asi nesarufa.
● Zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kweprotein (disulfide bonds).

Mapoka Anoshanda uye Reactivity

Kuvapo kwerimwe boka rinoshanda mumorekuru kunonyanya kutarisisa kuti molecule ichaita sei. Semuyenzaniso:

● Doro (-OH) rinogona kupera mvura mumuviri kuita maalkene.
● Carboxylic acids (-COOH) inogona kuita nedoro kugadzira esters.
● Amines (-NH₂) inogona kuita mabhesi uye kugamuchira maion ehydrogen.

Aya maitiro anofanotaurwa anobatsira zvinoshamisa mukugadzira chemistry, dhizaini dhizaini, uye sainzi yezvinhu.

Mapoka Anoshanda muBiological Molecules

Mapoka anoshanda akakoshawo kuhupenyu. Mu biochemistry, chimiro uye basa remapuroteni, DNA, makabhohaidhiretsi, uye mafuta zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nemapoka anoshanda aainawo.

● Mapuroteni ane amino (-NH₂) uye carboxyl (-COOH) mapoka.
● Makabhohaidhiretsi anowanzo ane hydroxyl (-OH) uye carbonyl (C=O) mapoka.
● DNA neRNA dzine mapoka ephosphate (-PO₄) uye mabhesi ane nitrogen.

Aya mapoka anobvumira biological molecules kupindirana, kuumba hydrogen bond, kutamisa simba, nezvimwe.

Mashandisiro Emakemikari Anoshandisa Mapoka Anoshanda

Chemist anowanzo shandisa functional group notation pakudhirowa kana kutumidza mamorekuru. Mukuita kwemakemikari, vanogona kureva maitiro eboka rinobatanidzwa. Semuyenzaniso:

● “Alcohol oxidation” inoreva maitiro anosanganisira -OH mapoka.
● "Nucleophilic substitution" inowanzobatanidza mapoka anoshanda e halide.

Vanoshandisawo ongororo yeboka rinoshanda kuona makomisheni asingazivikanwe vachishandisa nzira senge infrared (IR) spectroscopy uye nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), sezvo boka rega rega rinotora simba nenzira yakasarudzika.

Summary

Boka rinoshanda iboka chairo remaatomu ari mumorekuru rinopa molecule raro chairo uye kuitazve. Ndivo hwaro hwe organic chemistry, ichipa nzira yekuisa uye kufanotaura maitiro emamorekuru akaoma. Kubva pazvinwiwa zvinodhaka kusvika kuDNA yakaoma, mapoka anoshanda anobatsira kutsanangura chimiro, basa, uye reactivity yemakemikari emakemikari. Kuzvinzwisisa kwakakosha pakuziva chemistry, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaita semishonga, biology, uye chemistry yemaindasitiri.