Boka Rinoshanda

Mukemikari, kunyanya mukemikari yeorganic, boka rinoshanda iboka remaatomu ari mukati memorekuru rinoita kuti molekyuru iite makemikari. Funga nezvaro se "nzvimbo inoshanda" kana "chikamu chinotsanangura maitiro" emorekyuru yeorganic. Pasinei nehukuru kana chimiro chemorekyuru yasara, boka rinoshanda rinoita nenzira inofungidzirwa mumakemikari.

Sei Mapoka Ekushanda Akakosha?

Mapoka anoshanda anoona hunhu uye mashandiro emakemikari emuchadenga. Nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzinoashandisa kuisa muzvikamu mamorekuru emuchadenga uye kufanotaura kuti achaita sei. Semuenzaniso, maalcohols, acids, esters, uye ketones zvese zvine mapoka akasiyana emabasa, uye chimwe nechimwe chinoita zvakasiyana mumaitiro emakemikari.

Nekuziva mapoka anoshanda mumorekuru, unogona:

● Fanotaura kuti ichaita sei kana paine makemikari.
● Nzwisisa kunyungudika kwayo (ingave ichinyungudika mumvura kana kwete).
● Sarudza kana iri acidic kana kuti iri nyore.
● Fanotaura kuti ichafashaira kana kunyunguduka.

Mienzaniso yeMapoka Anoshanda Akajairika

Ngatiendei pamusoro pemamwe mapoka anonyanya kushanda mumakemikari echisikigo:

1. Boka reHydroxyl (-OH)

● Inowanikwa muzvinwiwa zvinodhaka.
● Inoita kuti mamorekuru ave polar uye anokwanisa kugadzira hydrogen bonds.
● Muenzaniso: Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Boka reCarbonyl (C=O)

● Inowanikwa mumaketoni nemaaldehydes.
● Kabhoni yakabatana kaviri neatomu yeokisijeni.
● Muenzaniso:
Ketone: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Aldehyde: Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Boka reCarboxyl (-COOH)

● Inowanikwa muma carbohydrate acids.
● Inoita kuti molekyuru ive neasidhi.
● Muenzaniso: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), iyo acid huru iri muvhiniga.

4. Boka reAmino (-NH₂)

● Inowanikwa mumamine nemaamino acids.
● Inogona kushanda sehwaro uye kugamuchira mapurotoni.
● Muenzaniso: Glycine, amino acid.

5. Boka reEster (-COO-)

● Inowanikwa mumaesters.
● Kazhinji michero inonhuhwirira zvakanaka.
● Yakagadzirwa neacid nedoro.
● Muenzaniso: Ethyl acetate (inoshandiswa mukubvisa ganda renzara).

6. Boka reEther (ROR)

● Atomu yeokisijeni yakabatana nemapoka maviri ekabhoni.
● Inowanikwa muzvinonyungudutsa.
● Muenzaniso: Diethyl ether.

7. Boka reHalide (CX)

● Apo X = halogen yakaita seF, Cl, Br, kana I.
● Inowanikwa mualkyl halides.
● Inoshandiswa mufiriji uye muzvinodzivirira moto.

8. Boka reSulfhydryl (-SH)

● Yakawanikwa mu thiols.
● Zvakafanana nehydroxyl asi zvine sarufa.
● Yakakosha muchimiro cheprotein (disulfide bonds).

Mapoka Anoshanda uye Reactivity

Kuvapo kweboka rinoshanda mumorekuru kunonyanya kusarudza kuti molekyuru iyoyo ichaita sei. Semuenzaniso:

● Alcohols (-OH) dzinogona kuomeswa nemvura kuti dzigadzire maalkenes.
● Macarbohydrate acids (-COOH) anogona kusangana nealcohols kuti agadzire maester.
● MaAmine (-NH₂) anogona kushanda semabhesi uye kugamuchira maion ehydrogen.

Maitiro aya anonyatsozivikanwa anobatsira zvikuru mumakemikari ekugadzira, kugadzira mishonga, uye sainzi yezvinhu.

Mapoka Anoshanda MuMamorekuru Ezvinhu Zvipenyu

Mapoka anoshanda ndiwo akakoshawo muhupenyu. Mu biochemistry, chimiro uye mashandiro emapuroteni, DNA, makabhohaidhiretsi, uye mafuta zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nemapoka anoshanda ari maari.

● Mapuroteni ane maamino (-NH₂) uye mapoka ecarboxyl (-COOH).
● Makabhohaidhiretsi anowanzova nemapoka ehydroxyl (-OH) necarbonyl (C=O).
● DNA neRNA zvine mapoka ephosphate (-PO₄) uye mabhesi ane nitrogen.

Mapoka aya anobvumira mamorekuru ezvebhayoloji kuti ashande pamwe chete, agadzire mahydrogen bonds, atumire simba, nezvimwewo.

Mashandisiro anoita Makemikari Mapoka Ebasa

Nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzinowanzo shandisa functional group notation pakudhirowa kana kutumidza mamorekuru. Mukuita kwemakemikari, vanogona kureva maitiro eboka rinobatanidzwa. Semuenzaniso:

● "Kuomeswa kwedoro" zvinoreva maitiro anosanganisira mapoka e -OH.
● "Kutsiva nucleophilic" kunowanzo sanganisira mapoka anoshanda ehalide.

Vanoshandisawo ongororo yemapoka anoshanda kuti vaone makemikari asingazivikanwe vachishandisa nzira dzakadai se infrared (IR) spectroscopy uye nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), sezvo boka rega rega richitora simba nenzira yakasiyana.

Pfupiso

Boka rinoshanda iboka rakati remaatomu ari mumorekuru rinopa molekyuru hunhu hwaro uye reactivity. Ndiwo hwaro hweorganic chemistry, zvichipa nzira yekuronga nekufanotaura maitiro emamorekuru akaomarara. Kubva kualcohols dziri nyore kusvika kuDNA yakaoma, mapoka anobatsira kutsanangura chimiro, mashandiro, uye reactivity yemakemikoro. Kunzwisisa iwo kwakakosha pakuziva kemikyu, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakadai semishonga, biology, uye industrial chemistry.